
<Image src="linktree.jpeg" alt="My linktree" priority />

**1 hour** of work and I have my own link tree website with Astro.js and Vercel on my own subdomain.

Check out the final result: [links.shramko.dev](https://links.shramko.dev/)

## Why Astro.js?

I [wrote about Astro.js](/blog/astro), and I was impressed by its performance and ease of use.
<abbr title='In my humble opinion'>IMHO</abbr>, Astro one of the most promising and fast-growing static site generators out there.

<Image src="astro-chart.jpg" alt="Astro Framework chart on State of JS" />

### Speed and Performance

Try to check my website on [PageSpeed Insights](https://pagespeed.web.dev/analysis/https-links-shramko-dev/uemqqap32n?form_factor=mobile) and you will see that it is fast and efficient.

<Image src="lighthouse.png" alt="My webstite metrics on Google lighthouse" />


## Setting Up the Project

I started by creating a new Astro project:

```bash
pnpm create astro@latest
```

You can read small article about why I use [pnpm](/blog/pnpm) 🤘.

## Data for the Link Tree

First of all I created a data file with my links. I used a simple JSON structure:

```json:data/user.json
{
  "name": "Serhii Shramko",
  "profession": "Senior Software Engineer at MacPaw",
  "links": [
    {
      "url": "https://shramko.dev/",
      "icon": "url",
      "title": "Personal Portfolio",
      "description": "All my latest news and blog posts"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://github.com/Shramkoweb",
      "icon": "github",
      "title": "Github Profile",
      "description": "My Github"
    }
  ]
}
```

This approach allows me to easily add, remove, or update links without changing the HTML structure.

## Layout and File Structure

Astro.js allow use simple file structure. And for this project I don't need complex structure. I created an index page:

```jsx:pages/index.astro
---
import Layout from '../layouts/Layout.astro';
import Profile from '../components/Profile.astro';
import List from '../components/List.astro';
// Simple component that renders the main layout, the profile, and the list of links.
---

<Layout title="Link tree | Serhii Shramko">
    <main class="container" id="container">
        <Profile />
        <List />
    </main>
</Layout>
```

```jsx:components/Link.astro
---
import Instagram from "./icons/instagram.astro";
import Linkedin from "./icons/linkedin.astro";
import Url from "./icons/url.astro";
import Youtube from "./icons/youtube.astro";
import Pdf from "./icons/pdf.astro";
import Github from "./icons/github.astro";

interface Props {
    icon: string;
    title: string;
    description: string;
    url: string;
}

const { icon, title, description, url } = Astro.props;
---

<a href={url} class="link" target="_blank">
    <span class="link__icon">
        {icon === 'instagram' && <Instagram />}
        {icon === 'linkedin' && <Linkedin />}
        {icon === 'url' && <Url />}
        {icon === 'youtube' && <Youtube />}
        {icon === 'github' && <Github />}
        {icon === 'pdf' && <Pdf />}
    </span>

    <div class="link__content">
        <h2 class="link__title">{title}</h2>
        <p class="link__description">{description}</p>
    </div>
</a>
```

Astro.js allows you to create components from svg code. I created a separate component for each icon:

```jsx:components/icons/github.astro
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="800" height="800" viewBox="0 0 20 20"></svg>
```

## Analytics

Almost done. Just add Vercel Analytics to the project.

<Image src="astro-analytics.jpg" alt="Analytics on vercel" />

```bash
pnpm add @astrojs/vercel
pnpm add @vercel/analytics
```

```js:astro.config.mjs
import { defineConfig } from 'astro/config';
import vercel from '@astrojs/vercel/serverless';

// https://astro.build/config
export default defineConfig({
    output: 'server',
    adapter: vercel({
        webAnalytics: { enabled: true }
    }),
});
```

## Deploying to Vercel

[Vercel makes deploying](https://vercel.com/docs/frameworks/astro) Astro projects a breeze. Here's how I did it:

1. I pushed my project to a GitHub repository.
2. I connected my Vercel account to my GitHub account.
3. In the Vercel dashboard, I clicked "New Project" and selected my link tree repository.
4. Vercel automatically detected that it was an Astro project and suggested the correct build settings.
5. I clicked "Deploy" and waited for the magic to happen!

## Custom Domain with Vercel Subdomains

<Image src="vercel-domain.jpg" alt="Domain on vercel" />


To use my custom domain with Vercel, I followed these steps:

1. In the Vercel project settings, I navigated to the "Domains" section.
2. I added my custom domain: `links.shramko.dev`.
3. Done! Vercel automatically set up the necessary DNS records for me.

## Conclusion

Building a link tree with Astro.js and deploying it on Vercel was a smooth and enjoyable process. I spent no more than
an hour and got a fast, efficient, and visually appealing website that and try new technologies.

Sounds great, right? 🌲


Learn how to build a fast, efficient link tree website using Astro.js, deploy it with Vercel, set up a custom subdomain, and implement Vercel Analytics for performance insights.

Building a Link Tree with Astro.js and Vercel: A Step-by-Step Guide


<Image src="conventional-commits.jpg" alt="Conventional Commits. A close up of a text description on a computer screen." />

I first came across Conventional Commits during my time at [MacPaw](/about), but initially, I didn't give much thought
to these unique commit messages.
It wasn't until recently that I took a closer look and realized how much more efficient and organized they make the
development process.

Here’s why you might want to give them a try too! 😃

## What Are Conventional Commits?

Conventional Commits is a specification that provides a simple, structured convention for commit messages.
It allows to write messages that are easy to read and maintain, and which convey the specific intent behind each
change.

The conventional commit message format is straightforward. It starts with a **type**, optionally followed by a **scope
**, and a
short **description**. For example:

```bash
feat(login): add authentication with JWT
```

In this example:

- `feat` is the type of the commit, indicating a new feature.
- `login` is the scope, specifying the part of the project that is affected.
- `add authentication with JWT` is the short description of the change.

## Why Use Conventional Commits?

Using Conventional Commits offers several key benefits:

- `Consistency`: Standardized commit messages ensure that everyone on the team follows the same format, which enhances
  readability and reduces ambiguity.
- `Automation`: Tools can automatically generate change logs, version numbers, and releases based on the structured
  commit messages.
- `Collaboration`: Clear and descriptive commit messages help team members understand the history and context of
  changes, improving collaboration.
- `Compliance`: Adhering to a standardized format helps in meeting the guidelines and best practices of many open-source
  projects.

## Types of Conventional Commits

There are several predefined types of Conventional Commits that help categorize the nature of each change. Each type
indicates a specific kind of modification, making it easier to understand the impact of the commit. Here are the most
commonly used types:

- **feat**: A new feature for the user.
- **fix**: A bug fix for the user.
- **chore**: Changes that don't modify src or test files, such as updating build tasks.
- **docs**: Documentation-only changes.
- **style**: Changes that do not affect the meaning of the code (e.g., formatting, missing semicolons, etc.).
- **refactor**: A code change that neither fixes a bug nor adds a feature.
- **perf**: A code change that improves performance.
- **test**: Adding or updating tests.
- **build**: Changes that affect the build system or external dependencies (e.g., gulp, npm).
- **ci**: Changes to CI configuration files and scripts (e.g., CircleCI, Travis).
- **revert**: Reverts a previous commit.

## Cheat Sheet for Conventional Commits

<Image src="conventional-commits-cheatsheet.png" alt="Conventional Commits Cheatsheet" />

| Type     | Description                | Example                          |
|:---------|:---------------------------|:---------------------------------|
| feat     | New feature                | feat(ui): add dark mode          |
| fix      | Bug fix                    | fix(api): resolve login issue    |
| docs     | Documentation only changes | docs(readme): update setup guide |
| style    | Code style changes only    | style(css): format CSS classes   |
| refactor | Code refactoring           | refactor(auth): optimize logic   |
| perf     | Performance improvement    | perf(database): optimize queries |
| test     | Adding tests               | test(routes): add unit tests     |
| chore    | Build tool/config changes  | chore(deps): bump dependencies   |
| ci       | Continuous Integration     | ci(travis): update config        |
| revert   | Revert previous commit     | revert: rollback last change     |

## Examples of Conventional Commits

Understanding the theory behind Conventional Commits is one thing, but seeing how they are applied in real-world
scenarios can be extremely helpful. Below are some examples illustrating how to write effective, clear, and standardized
commit messages.

> Here example of commits from [my GitHub](https://github.com/Shramkoweb/Portfolio/commits/develop/)


### Example 1: Adding a New Feature

**Commit Message**:

```bash
feat(auth): add OAuth 2.0 authentication
```

**Explanation**:

**Type**: `feat` (indicates a new feature). <br/>
**Scope**: `auth` (specifies that the change is related to authentication). <br/>
**Description**: `add OAuth 2.0 authentication` (brief summary of the change).

### Example 2: Fixing a Bug

**Commit Message**:

```bash
fix(profile): resolve issue with avatar upload
```

**Explanation**:

**Type**: `fix` (indicates a bug fix). <br/>
**Scope**: `profile` (specifies that the change affects the profile feature). <br/>
**Description**: `resolve issue with avatar upload` (briefly describes the problem and solution).

### Example 3: Updating Documentation

**Commit Message**:

```bash
docs(readme): update installation instructions
```

**Explanation**:

**Type**: `docs` (indicates a documentation change). <br/>
**Scope**: `readme` (specifies the README file). <br/>
**Description**: `update installation instructions` (details the specific update).

### Example 4: Refactoring Code

**Commit Message**:

```bash
refactor(utils): simplify the date parsing logic
```

**Explanation**:

**Type**: `refactor` (indicates a code change that neither fixes a bug nor adds a feature). <br/>
**Scope**: `utils` (specifies that the change pertains to utility functions). <br/>
**Description**: `simplify the date parsing logic` (briefly describes the refactoring).

### Example 5: Performance Improvement

**Commit Message**:

```bash
perf(db): optimize query execution time
```

**Explanation**:

**Type**: `perf` (indicates a performance improvement). <br/>
**Scope**: `db` (specifies that the change affects the database). <br/>
**Description**: `optimize query execution time` (summarizes the performance enhancement).

### Example 6: Adding or Updating Tests

**Commit Message**:

```bash
test(router): add unit tests for routing module
```

**Explanation**:

**Type**: `test` (indicates test-related changes). <br/>
**Scope**: `router` (specifies the routing module). <br/>
**Description**: `add unit tests for routing module` (briefly describes the tests added).

### Example 7: Maintenance or Chore

**Commit Message**:

```bash
chore(deps): upgrade lodash to version 4.17.21
```

**Explanation**:

**Type**: `chore` (indicates maintenance or chores). <br/>
**Scope**: `deps` (specifies that the change pertains to dependencies). <br/>
**Description**: `upgrade lodash to version 4.17.21` (details the specific update).

### Example 8: Continuous Integration Configuration

**Commit Message**:

```bash
ci(circleci): add build step for linting
```

**Explanation**:

**Type**: `ci` (indicates changes to CI configuration). <br/>
**Scope**: `circleci` (specifies the CI service being configured). <br/>
**Description**: `add build step for linting` (briefly describes the new CI step).

### Example 9: Reverting a Previous Commit

**Commit Message**:

```bash
revert: remove OAuth 2.0 authentication

This reverts commit abc123.
```

**Explanation**:

**Type**: `revert` (indicates the commit is a revert). <br/>
**Scope**: None (reverts don't usually need a scope). <br/>
**Description**: `remove OAuth 2.0 authentication` (describes what is being reverted).
Body: This reverts commit abc123. (provides context by specifying the commit being reverted).

## Using Conventional Commits in Projects

Incorporating Conventional Commits into your projects can significantly improve code quality and team collaboration.
Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to start using Conventional Commits in your projects.

### Step 1: Educate Your Team

Before adopting Conventional Commits, ensure that everyone on your team understands its benefits and guidelines. Share
resources, conduct workshops, or organize short training sessions to help everyone get up to speed.

### Step 2: Set Up Commit Message Linting

To enforce the Conventional Commits standard, you can use tools
like [commitlint](https://github.com/conventional-changelog/commitlint) and [husky](https://typicode.github.io/husky/).
These tools help ensure that
all commit messages adhere to the predefined format.

Example Configuration:

#### Install Dependencies:

```bash
npm install --save-dev @commitlint/config-conventional @commitlint/cli husky
```

#### Configure Commitlint:

Create a new file named `commitlint.config.js` in the root of your project and add the following content:

```js
module.exports = {
  extends: ['@commitlint/config-conventional'],
};
```

#### Set Up Husky Hooks:

The `init` command simplifies setting up husky in a project. It creates a `pre-commit` script in `.husky/` and updates
the prepare script in `package.json`. Modifications can be made later to suit your workflow.

```bash
npx husky init
```

### Step 3: Use Tools and Libraries

Conventional commits can be parsed by tools, and a very nice use-case is that of generating release changelogs.

<Image src="changelog.png" alt="Changelog created from Conventional commits on GitHub page" />

#### Semantic Release:

- Automates the whole package release workflow including determining the next version number, generating the release
  notes, and publishing the package.
- [Semantic Release Documentation](https://semantic-release.gitbook.io/semantic-release)

#### Commitizen:

- A tool that prompts you to fill out the commit message with a CLI, ensuring you follow the Conventional Commits
  standard.
- [Commitizen Documentation](https://github.com/commitizen/cz-cli)

### Step 4: Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment (CI/CD)

Integrate Conventional Commits with your `CI/CD` pipeline to automate tasks such as generating changelogs and
versioning.

Here’s how you can do it:

#### Changelog Generation:

- Use tools like standard-version to generate changelogs automatically.
- [Standard Version Documentation](https://github.com/conventional-changelog/standard-version)

#### Versioning and Releasing:

- Automate versioning and releasing using tools like Semantic Release.
- Define release steps in your CI configuration (e.g., GitHub Actions, Travis CI).

Example GitHub Actions Configuration for Semantic Release:

```yaml
name: Release
on:
  push:
    branches:
      - main
jobs:
  release:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Checkout Code
        uses: actions/checkout@v2
      - name: Install Node.js
        uses: actions/setup-node@v2
        with:
          node-version: 14
      - name: Install Dependencies
        run: npm install
      - name: Run Semantic Release
        run: npx semantic-release
        env:
          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
```

## Conclusion

I hope this blog post has inspired you to delve into conventional commits.

Initially, conventional commits might seem a bit odd, and you might find yourself questioning the format as you make
commits. However, they soon become second nature, and you’ll appreciate their impact on your software engineering
practices.


Discover how Conventional Commits can enhance your work and project's readability.

Conventional Commits enhance your coding practices


## Introduction

<Image src="pnpm-logo.png" alt="pnpm logo on gay background" />

I found article from Vercel
about [Projects using pnpm can now be deployed with zero configuration](https://vercel.com/changelog/projects-using-pnpm-can-now-be-deployed-with-zero-configuration)
and I wanted to try it.

## Why Migrate to pnpm?

Before diving into the migration process, it’s important to understand why pnpm is beneficial:

1. **Speed** 🚀: pnpm installs dependencies faster than npm by using a unique package linking mechanism.
2. **Disk Space** 🔎: It saves disk space by using a global store and hard links.
3. **Consistency** 💡: pnpm ensures that dependencies are installed in a way that is more consistent with the version
   specified in your `package.json`.

## Installation of pnpm

First, you need to install pnpm globally. You can do this by running:

```bash
brew install pnpm
```

## Migration Steps

### 1. Clean the Project

Remove the `node_modules` directory and the `package-lock.json` file. This step is crucial to ensure that there are no
leftover artifacts from npm that might interfere with pnpm.

```bash
rm -rf node_modules package-lock.json
```

### 2. Initialize pnpm

Run the following command to initialize pnpm in your project directory:

```bash
pnpm install
```

This command will create a `pnpm-lock.yaml` file and install all the dependencies listed in your `package.json`.

### 3. Verify Dependency Installation

Check that all dependencies have been installed correctly by running:

```bash
pnpm list
```

This command lists all the installed dependencies and their versions. Make sure that there are no missing or outdated
packages.

<Image src="pnpm-list.png" alt="pnpm list command result in terminal" />

## Updating Scripts

### 1. Update npm Scripts

In your `package.json`, update any npm scripts to use pnpm where necessary. For example, if you have a script for
installing dependencies, change it from:

```json
"scripts": {
"install": "npm install"
}
```

to:

```json
"scripts": {
"install": "pnpm install"
}
```

### 2. Update CI/CD Pipelines

If your project uses CI/CD pipelines, ensure that the build scripts and installation commands are updated to use pnpm.
For example, in a [GitHub Actions  with pnpm](https://pnpm.io/continuous-integration) workflow, you might update the
step as follows:

```yaml
jobs:
  build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: pnpm/action-setup@v4
        with:
          version: 9
      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
        with:
          node-version: ${{ matrix.node-version }}
          cache: 'pnpm'
      - name: Install
        run: pnpm i
      - name: Run Tests // All your CI commands
        run: pnpm run test
```

## Handling Issues and Troubleshooting

During the migration, you might encounter some issues.

> Error: Unable to locate executable file: pnpm. Please verify either the file path exists or the file can be found
> within a directory specified by the PATH environment variable. Also check the file mode to verify the file is
> executable.

I stuck with this error when I tried to run the `pnpm` command in GitHub Actions.

The solution was to use the `pnpm/action-setup@v4` before `actions/setup-node@v4`.
So simply just copy the [above code](#2-update-cicd-pipelines) and paste it in your `.yml` file.

## Conclusion

This migration helped me to reduce the time of deployment by **44%** and the size of `node_modules` by **5%**.

<Image src="vercel-deployment.png" alt="Deployment time on vercel dashboard. Around 1 seccond" />

More info how my blog works you can find there [How my site works under the hood](./introducing-the-new-shramko.dev)


Learn how to efficiently migrate your project from npm to pnpm with this guide.

How to Migrate Your Project from npm to pnpm and save 44% deployment time: A Step-by-Step Guide

<Image src="astro.jpg" alt="Astro Framework Logo" />

Astro is a framework for building static sites and web applications. It is built on top of modern web technologies like
JavaScript, HTML, and CSS, and uses a component-based architecture to make it easy to build and maintain complex web
projects. With Astro, you can build websites and applications that are fast, efficient, and easy to scale.

## Key Features

Astro offers several key features that make it a powerful tool for building modern web projects.
These include:

- **Performance**: Astro is designed to be fast and efficient, with built-in optimizations that help to reduce page load
  times and improve overall site performance.
- **Ease of use**: Astro is designed to be easy to use, with a simple and intuitive syntax that makes it easy to create
  complex web projects.
- **Themes**: Astro has an impressive array of ready-made [themes](https://astro.build/themes/) and templates to get
  started quickly.
- **Zero JS, by default**: No JavaScript runtime.
- **Component-based** architecture: Astro uses a component-based architecture that makes it easy to build and maintain
  complex web projects.
- **Template directives**: Astro's template directives make it easy to create reusable components that can be used
  throughout your site or application.
- **Built-in CMS functionality**:  Tailwind, MDX, and 100+ other integrations to choose from.
- **UI-agnostic**: Supports React, Preact, Svelte, Vue, Solid, and more.

## Creating Your First Astro Project

To create your first Astro project, you'll need to install the Astro CLI. You can do this by running the following
command:

```shell
# create a new project with npm
npm create astro@latest
```

Then navigate to the project directory and start the development server by running the following commands:

```shell
npm run dev
```

<Image src="astro-dev.jpeg" alt="Astro welcome screen on localhost" />

This will start a live Astro development server, which will automatically rebuild your site as you make changes to your
code.

## File-based routing

One of the key features of Astro is its file-based routing system. With this system, developers can easily create routes
and pages for their websites by simply creating files in the appropriate directories. This makes it easy to create and
manage complex routing structures without the need for additional configuration or setup.

### Static routes

Any `.astro` page elements, as well as Markdown and MDX files (with extensions ".md" and ".mdx"), located in the `
src/pages/` directory, will be automatically transformed into pages on your website. The page's URL will match its path
and file name within the "src/pages/" directory.

```shell
# Example: Static routes for site.com
src/pages/index.astro             -> site.com/
src/pages/about.astro             -> site.com/about
src/pages/about/index.astro       -> site.com/about # Nested folder with index file
src/pages/about/career.astro      -> site.com/about/career
src/pages/articles/1.md           -> site.com/articles/1
```

### Dynamic routes

In an Astro page file, it's possible to define dynamic route parameters within the file name. This allows for the
creation of multiple pages that match the specified parameter.

For instance, by using the file name `src/pages/users/[user].astro`, you can generate a user's page for each user
featured on your blog. The `user` in the file name serves as a parameter that can be accessed within the page.

Because all routes must be determined at build time, a dynamic route must export a `getStaticPaths()` that returns an
array of objects with a params property. Each of these objects will generate a corresponding route.

```md:src/pages/users/[user].astro
---
export function getStaticPaths() {
  return [
    {params: {user: 'Serhii'}},
    {params: {user: 'Roman'}},
    {params: {user: 'Alexander'}},
  ];
}

const { user } = Astro.params;
---

<div>Hello, {user}!</div>
```

## Astro Component Structure

The Astro component consists of two primary components: the Component Script and the Component Template.

```md:src/components/Component.astro
---
// Component Script (JavaScript)
---

```

## Astro slots

The `<slot />` element is a placeholder for external HTML content, allowing you to inject (or “slot”) child elements
from other files into your component template.

By default, all child elements passed to a component will be rendered in its `<slot />`

```md:src/components/Wrapper.astro
---
const { title } = Astro.props
---

<div class="wrapper">
  <h1 class="wrapper__title">{title}</h1>
  <slot />  
</div>
```

```md:src/pages/content.astro
---
import Wrapper from '../components/Wrapper.astro';
---

<Wrapper title="Main Page">
  <p>Here is some stuff.</p>
</Wrapper>
```

## Data Fetching

All Astro components have access to the global [fetch()](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/fetch)
function in their component script to make HTTP requests to APIs.

This fetch call will be executed at build time, and the data will be available to the component template for generating
dynamic HTML. If SSR mode is enabled, any fetch calls will be executed at runtime.

I use [randomuser.me](https://randomuser.me/) API to this example. Please, read the documentation before.

```md:src/components/User.astro
---
import Avatar from '../components/Avatar.jsx';

const response = await fetch('https://randomuser.me/api/');
const { results } = await response.json();
const [ user ] = results;
---

<h1>{user.name.first} {user.name.last}</h1>
<p>{user.email}</p>


<Avatar picture={user.picture.large} />
```

> Before using React inside Astro add [integration](https://docs.astro.build/en/guides/integrations-guide/react/)

<Image src="astro-dev.gif" alt="Data fetching in Astro" />

You can read more about data fetching in [official documentation](https://docs.astro.build/en/guides/data-fetching/).

## Styles & CSS

You can either compose your own CSS code within an Astro component or bring in your preferred CSS library, such as
[Tailwind](https://github.com/withastro/astro/tree/main/packages/integrations/tailwind). Additionally, Astro supports
sophisticated styling languages like `Sass` and `Less`.

```md:src/components/Component.astro
<style>
  h1 { color: orange; }
</style>
```

Astro supports a wide amount of popular styling techniques out of the box:

- Import a local stylesheet
- Use a \<style\> block anywhere in `.astro` files and the CSS will be scoped to that component
- [CSS modules](https://css-tricks.com/css-modules-part-1-need/)
- [CSS Preprocessors](https://docs.astro.build/en/guides/styling/#css-preprocessors) [Sass/Less/Stylus]

> The [styling doc](https://docs.astro.build/en/guides/styling/) has more detail.

## Template Directives

By default, a UI Framework component is not hydrated in the client. If no client:* directive is provided, its HTML is
rendered onto the page without JavaScript.

### client:load

- **Priority**: High
- **Useful for**: UI elements that require immediate interactivity and should be visible right away

> Load and hydrate the component JavaScript immediately on page load.

```jsx
<BuyButton client:load />
```

### client:idle

- **Priority**: Medium
- **Useful for**: UI elements with lower priority that do not require immediate interactivity

> Load and hydrate the component JavaScript once the page is done with its initial load.

```jsx
<BuyButton client:idle />
```

### client:visible

- **Priority**: Low
- **Useful for**: UI elements with low priority can be positioned either far down the page or require significant
  resources to load. In case the user never sees such elements, it would be preferable not to load them at all

> Load and hydrate the component JavaScript once the component has entered the user’s viewport.

```jsx
<ImageCarousel client:visible />
```

### client:media

- **Priority**: Low
- **Useful for**: Elements that might only be visible on certain screen sizes.

> Loads and hydrates the component JavaScript once a certain CSS media query is met.

```jsx
<Sidebar client:media="(max-width: 1024px)" />
```

### client:only

Skips HTML server rendering, and renders only on the client.

```jsx
<ReactComponent client:only="react" />
<SvelteComponent client:only="svelte" />
<Component client:only="vue" />
```

## Do you need to learn the Astro?

At the [moment](https://2022.stateofjs.com/en-US/libraries/rendering-frameworks/), Astro is considered a very
interesting framework that most people want to learn and understand. So be the first to figure it out 🚀.

<Image src="astro-state.jpeg" alt="Astro framework interest on stateofjs" />

## Useful Links

If you're interested in learning more about Astro, here are some useful links to get you started:

- [Astro home page](https://astro.build/)
- [Astro documentation](https://docs.astro.build/en/getting-started/)
- [Astro GitHub repository](https://github.com/withastro/astro)
- [Are SPAs better than MPAs? | HTTP 203](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ivLhf3hq7eM)
- [Astro usage in npm and ratings](https://bestofjs.org/projects/astro)

Astro is a new Javascript framework, so discover what makes it special and what are its core features.

Exploring the Astro Framework: A Comprehensive Guide


<Image src="node-post.jpg" alt="Laptop with cone on screen with bloored background" />

[NVM](https://github.com/nvm-sh/nvm), or Node Version Manager, is essential for managing multiple versions of Node.js on
our development environment.
[Node.js](https://nodejs.org/en) is a JavaScript-based web technology, that allows developers to write server-side code
using JavaScript.

By using NVM to manage different versions with ease, developers can keep their environment up-to-date with the best
tools and achieve their desired results with ease.

In this article, we’ll be looking at how to install NVM with Brew and verify it worked properly. Additionally, we’ll
take a look at why we need NVM, a useful NVM cheatsheet, and how to install NVM on Windows, Linux, and MacOS.

## What is NVM?

Simply put, it is a software that allows you to install and manage different versions of Node.js on your system. You can
also switch easily between them, making it ideal for keeping your development environment updated.

## Why Do We Need NVM?

NVM is essential for managing multiple versions of Node.js on our systems. By using NVM to manage and switch between
different versions, we can make sure our environment is always up-to-date with the latest version. This allows us to
take advantage of the newest tools available in the Node.js ecosystem.

Additionally, NVM helps us become more efficient as developers. With NVM, we can quickly switch between different
versions of Node.js without having to reconfigure our environment and restart our terminal.

## How to Install NVM with Brew

Installing NVM with [Brew](https://brew.sh/) is a fairly straightforward process.

First, you’ll need to install Brew, which you can do simply by entering this on your terminal:

```shell
/bin/bash -c "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/HEAD/install.sh)"
```

Once Brew is installed, you can install NVM by entering `brew install nvm` on your terminal.
This command will download the latest version of NVM for your system, including the necessary libraries and packages.

```shell
brew install nvm
```

### Verify It Worked

Once you’ve installed NVM with Brew, you can verify that it worked by entering `nvm —-v` on your terminal. This command
will show you the version of NVM you’re currently running.

```shell
nvm —-v

#Node Version Manager (v0.39.3) // It's my version of NVM
```

## NVM Cheatsheet

Using NVM can be intimidating at first. To help, here’s a helpful NVM cheatsheet:

```shell
- nvm install 8.0.0                     #Install a specific version number
- nvm use 8.0                           #Use the latest available 8.0.x release
- nvm run 6.10.3 app.js                 #Run app.js using node 6.10.3
- nvm exec 4.8.3 node app.js            #Run `node app.js` with the PATH pointing to node 4.8.3
- nvm alias default 8.1.0               #Set default node version on a shell
- nvm alias default node                #Always default to the latest available node version on a shell
- nvm uninstall [<version>]             #This command will uninstall a specific version of Node.js

- nvm install node                      #Install the latest available version
- nvm use node                          #Use the latest version
- nvm install --lts                     #Install the latest LTS version
- nvm use --lts                         #Use the latest LTS version
```

## How to Install NVM on Windows

Installing NVM on Windows is slightly more involved than with Linux or macOS. To do so, you’ll need to have the [Windows
Subsystem for Linux](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/wsl/install) (WSL) installed. Once you have WSL
installed, you can use Brew to install NVM just as you would with Linux or macOS.

## How to Install NVM on Linux

The easiest way to install NVM on Linux is to use Brew. Simply open your terminal and then enter `brew install nvm`.

Before it install Brew 🍻

## Recap

Hopefully this article has helped you get a better understanding of NVM and how to install it on a variety of systems.
Installing and managing multiple versions of Node.js is essential for staying up-to-date with the best tools and
achieving better results.

With NVM, you’ll be able to easily switch between different versions and keep your development
environment updated.



NVM, or Node Version Manager. What is it and why we should use it?

Managing Node Versions Made Easy with Node Version Manager (NVM)


<Image src="es-module.png" alt="ES modules structure diagram" priority={true} />

## Problem

I ran into this error when using ```__dirname``` in an ES module.

```__dirname``` is an environment variable that tells you the absolute path of the directory containing the currently
executing file, and many Node.js projects use this.

But if you use it inside an ES module, you can't use it because of the infamous "__dirname is not defined in ES module
scope" an error appears.

## Solution

What can you do in this case?

To get the current file directory, we'll want to use a combination of a global variable and a few built-in methods:

- `import.meta.url` to get the current file's as a URL
- `url.fileURLToPath` to change the URL to a path
- `path.dirname` to get the directory name

Using these methods, we can reconstruct the global `__dirname` and `__filename` variables:

```js
import path from 'path';
import { fileURLToPath } from 'url';

const __filename = fileURLToPath(import.meta.url);

const __dirname = path.dirname(__filename);
```

Now you can use `__dirname` as usual:

```js
console.log(__dirname)
```

## Conclusion

Due to the different approaches to modularity in Node.js and EcmaScript, you may encounter such problems.

For further reading, check out
the [Node.js documentation for __dirname](https://nodejs.org/docs/latest/api/modules.html#modules_dirname).


Here is how to fix the "__dirname is not defined in ES module scope" error

Troubleshooting: Resolving the __dirname is Not Defined in ES Module Scope Error


Hey there, TypeScript fans!

Ever found yourself wrestling with complex types and wishing there was a better way? Well,
buckle up, because we're about to dive into the world of discriminated unions. 🚀

## What Are Discriminated Unions?

Okay, so `discriminated unions` sounds like some fancy computer science term (and yeah, it kind of is), but don't let
that scare you off. Think of them as TypeScript's way of saying, "Hey, this thing can be one of these specific types,
and here's an easy way to figure out which one it is."

It's like having a box of assorted candies, but each candy has a little flag sticking out of it telling you what flavor
it is 🍭. That flag? That's our discriminant. Neat, right?

## How to Create a Discriminated Union

Let's break it down into easy steps:

1. Come up with the different "flavors" your type can be.
2. Give each flavor a special property (our little flag) that says what it is.
3. Throw them all together into one super-type.

Here's what it looks like in action:

```typescript
interface Taco {
  kind: "taco";
  shells: number;
}

interface Burrito {
  kind: "burrito";
  length: number;
}

interface Nachos {
  kind: "nachos";
  toppings: string[];
}

type MexicanFood = Taco | Burrito | Nachos;
```

In this tasty example, `kind` is our special flag (discriminant), and `MexicanFood` is our super-type. Each specific
type
(`Taco`, `Burrito`, `Nachos`) has its own `kind` property that tells TypeScript what it is.

## Why Discriminated Unions Are Awesome

1. **TypeScript becomes psychic**: It can magically figure out which specific type you're dealing with. No more guessing
   games!

2. **Your code tells a story**: Anyone reading your code can quickly understand what's going on. It's like leaving good
   comments, but better.

3. **Catch mistakes before they happen**: TypeScript can warn you if you forget to handle a case. It's like having a
   really attentive proofreader.

4. **Your IDE becomes smarter**: Better autocomplete suggestions? Yes, please!

## Discriminated Unions in Action

Let's see how we can use our `MexicanFood` type:

```typescript
function getCalories(food: MexicanFood): number {
  switch (food.kind) {
    case "taco":
      return food.shells * 200; // TypeScript knows it's a Taco!
    case "burrito":
      return food.length * 100; // It's definitely a Burrito here
    case "nachos":
      return food.toppings.length * 50; // Nacho time!
  }
}
```

TypeScript's got your back here. It knows exactly what properties are available in each case. Pretty cool, huh?

## Pro Tip: Don't Forget Any Cases!

Want to make sure you've covered all your ? Here's a neat trick:

```typescript
function assertNever(x: never): never {
  throw new Error("Unexpected food: " + x);
}

function getCalories(food: MexicanFood): number {
  switch (food.kind) {
    case "taco":
      return food.shells * 200;
    case "burrito":
      return food.length * 100;
    case "nachos":
      return food.toppings.length * 50;
    default:
      return assertNever(food); // TypeScript will complain if you miss a case
  }
}
```

> We will discuss the `assertNever` function in a future post.

If you add a new type of food but forget to update `getCalories`, TypeScript will give you a heads-up. It's like having
a friendly reminder bot!

## Discriminated Unions of Tuples

Sometimes, you might want to use a discriminated union with tuples. Here's how you can do it:

```typescript
type User = { id: number, name: string }; // User type
type APIResponse = [success: true, data: User] | [success: false, error: string]; // Tuple type

function handleResponse(response: APIResponse): void {
  const [success, data] = response;

  if (success) {
    const { id, name } = data; // TypeScript knows it's a User!
    console.log(`User ${name} with ID ${id} found!`);
  } else {
    //  TypeScript knows it's an error string!
    console.error(`Error: ${data}`);
  }
}
````


## Discriminated Unions and Destructuring
Discriminated unions are awesome, but they're not perfect. One of the main drawbacks is that you can't use them with destructuring.

```typescript
function getCalories({ kind, shells, length, toppings }: MexicanFood): number {
  // Error: Property 'shells' does not exist on type 'MexicanFood'.
  // Error: Property 'length' does not exist on type 'MexicanFood'.
  // Error: Property 'toppings' does not exist on type 'MexicanFood'.
}
```

So, if you need to destructure your object, you'll have to do it the more explicit way:

```typescript
function getCalories(food: MexicanFood): number {
  switch (food.kind) {
    case "taco":
      const { shells } = food; // TypeScript knows it's a Taco! And you can destructure here
      return shells * 200;
    case "burrito":
      const { length } = food;
      return length * 100;
    case "nachos":
      const { toppings } = food;
      return toppings.length * 50;
  }
}
```

## Wrapping Up

[Discriminated unions](https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/unions-and-intersections.html#discriminating-unions) in TypeScript are like the Swiss Army knife of type management. They help you write code that's
easier to understand, harder to mess up, and just plain cooler.

Next time you're dealing with a bunch of related but different types, give discriminated unions a shot. Your future
self (and your teammates) will thank you!

Happy coding, and may your types always be discriminated! 🚀✨


Discover how discriminated unions in TypeScript can help you write cleaner, safer, and more expressive code. Learn what they are, how to use them, and why they're awesome!

Discriminated Unions in TypeScript: The Secret Sauce for Better Code


## Astro.js Image Component

When I built [my linktree](https://links.shramko.dev/) website I forgot to use [Image component](https://docs.astro.build/en/guides/images/) in
Astro.js.<br></br>I used the `img` tag instead. So after learning about the Image component in Astro.js, I decided to
add it.

```tsx
<Image
  src={UserProfileImage}
  densities={[1, 2]}
  width="160"
  height="160"
  quality="max"
  alt="Serhii Shramko is eating pizza."
/>
```

And what do you think? It's works locally, but when I deployed it on Vercel, I got an error.

<Image src="astro-image-error.png" alt="Astro Image doesn't work on Vercel" />

## How to Fix the Error

Searching... 🔎

Powerful ChatGPT?<br></br>
No, I found the solution on old and good [GitHub](https://github.com/withastro/astro/issues/5253).<br></br>
And a little bit of [documentation](https://docs.astro.build/en/reference/errors/missing-sharp/).

```javascript:astro.config.mjs
// Update astro.config.mjs with image service

export default defineConfig({
  image: {
    service: sharpImageService(),
  }
});
```

```bash
// Install sharp package
pnpm add sharp
```

Done and deployed. Now it works perfectly on Vercel.

<Image src="astro-image.png" alt="Astro Image works on Vercel" />

How I built my linktree website you can read in my [previous article](/blog/linktree).


Learn how to create an image component in Astro.js and deploy it on Vercel correctly.

Astro.js Image Component on Vercel


Small tasks that we put off can accumulate and ultimately consume much more of our time and energy. One such small yet important task is unsubscribing from annoying email newsletters and notifications.

When you receive a new email with an unnecessary newsletter, it's better to decide to unsubscribe from it right away. Yes, it may take a couple of minutes, but in the future, you'll save yourself a lot of time and nerves by getting rid of constant distractions.

Just like with task automation: when you set up a project once, the time invested in that process will pay off in the future by reducing routine tasks and increasing productivity.

Don't forget that small tasks, if postponed, can turn into a big to-do list. And then you'll have to spend much more time and effort to deal with them. This can become a cause of procrastination and worsen your efficiency.

So, don't procrastinate unsubscribing from newsletters. Take a couple of minutes [[atomic habits](https://jamesclear.com/atomic-habits)] now and get rid of unnecessary distractions in the future.

To make it easier for you to deal with unnecessary newsletters and notifications, here are a few useful resources:

- **[Unroll.me](https://unroll.me/):** This service helps you quickly unsubscribe from multiple newsletters simultaneously, saving you time and effort.

- **[Mailstrom](https://mailstrom.co/):** Allows you to quickly and efficiently manage your email inbox by helping you sort and delete unwanted emails.


Save time by unsubscribing from email newsletters promptly

Serhii Shramko

Senior Developer at MacPaw

Featured Posts

My personal Linktree with Astro.js and Vercel

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How to decrease deployment time by 44% with pnpm

What is Astro Framework?

Node Version Manager

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